The vessel offered him second class passage for free. Among those included were national heroes, revolutionaries, and politicians. He was conferred the National Artist Award in 1973. The original marker was lost and only two lines from Rizal's "A La Juventad Filipina" served as kind of caption for 53 years.14, For years, the Oblation has been the focus of protests like in 1957, during the daily demonstrations of students demanding the appointment of a UP president, a black cloth was draped on the statue, while in 1960's, the student protesters put a skirt on it. Published by at July 1, 2022. He eventually got a job in a cafe in Rock Creek Park which as a favorite promenade of former U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. What kind of a person is Guillermo Tolentino? guillermo tolentino techniques used. It has been a symbol synonymous with the University of the Philippines. Tolentino also sculpted the UP Oblation. His April-May 2018--The Pere Lachaise Cemetery in the 20th arrondissement in Paris, France was opened on May 21, 1804 and was named after Pre Franois de la Chaise (1624 October-November-December 2017--In 1979, Inday Cadapan was forty years old when she set out to find a visual structure that would allow her to voice out her opinion against poverty August-September 2017 -- Dex Fernandez began his art career in 2007, painting a repertoire of phantasmagoric images inhabited by angry mountains, robots with a diminutive sidekick, April-May 2017The public exhibition of Noel Soler Cuizons works began in 1987 when he was a member of Hulo, a group of alumni students of the Philippine Womens March 2013--Magkalinawan na tayo sa simulat simula pa. Hindi ito ang last full show ni Danilo Dalena. 8, April 21 1992 She is a member of the Pasig City Heritage Conservation Committee (PCHCC) and the Philippine Association of Museums, Inc. (PAMI). The display September 2022 With his works surviving to the present day, this will definitely inspire Filipinos and the rest of the world in carrying the legacy of storytelling through sculpture. Enjoy Everyone! 1994. Guillermo Estrella Tolentino (July 24, 1890 July 12, 1976) was a Filipino sculptor and professor of the University of the Philippines. Heretofore, this statue has been molded in sand and portland cement, materials of lesser permanence and fragile beauty. while he was still in high school, he made a group of drawing of Rizal, Burgos, Antonio and Juan Luna, Regidor and others. In the same year, the Philippine Institute of Architects declared him Scupltor of the Year. College of Fine Art under Professor Rebillon.34. Soon, he became more interested in sculpting than painting. Guillermo Estrella Tolentino (July 24, 1890 - July 12, 1976) was a Filipino sculptor and professor of the University of the Philippines. That same year, he left for Europe. Later on, he decided to take lessons in sculpture too, under Vicente Francisco. ang alay ng iba'y When asked why, he quitely answered, Because I was not yet a scupltor (Paras-Perez, 1972). Glenn Bautista - 2005 National Artist nominee, did his celebrated version of the Oblation in pen and ink as part of his schoolplates at the U.P. He worked as a waiter in a cafe in Rock Creek Park. Bonifacio's figure was based on the bone structure of Espiridiona Bonifacio, the Supremo's surviving sister. That same year, Tolentino traveled to Europe to visit the worked renowned museums and art galleries in London and Paris. His detailed works have created a huge distinction towards his craft, therefore being dubbed as the Father of Philippine Arts. board and train for aggressive dogs; poundland pencil case; June 14, 2022 / / patron saint of those in mortal danger National Commission for Culture and the Arts (2015, June 2). In the absence of Fernando Amorsolo, Tolentino was appointed acting director of the School of Fine Arts and eventually became its director two years later, on August 4, 1953. 1144 dated 14 May 1973, in recognition of his rare excellence and significant contribution in sculpture. The Spoliarium by Juan Luna has been one of the most goriest paintings that I have ever seen. Saan man mautas ay di kailangan, The Philippine Art Book (First of Two Volumes) - Book ReleaseApril 2022 --Artes de las Filipinas welcomed the year 2022 with its latest publication, The Philippine Art Book, a two-volume sourcebook of Filipino artists. He was designated as a National Artist of the Philippines for Sculpture in 1973, three years before his death. Guillermo Tolentino was known as a master in classical sculpture. V, No.6, November 1981 Guillermo Tolentino was born in 1890 and was named as the National Artist of the Philippines for Sculpture in 1973, three years before his death. The April 2022 --Artes de las Filipinas welcomed the year 2022 with its latest publication, The Philippine Art Book, a two-volume sourcebook of Filipino artists. -Salin ni Andres Bonifacio, PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUANG BAYAN He was said to be a product of the Filipino Art's revival period of the early and mid-20th century. It was also the unveiling of a new historical marker, Bonifacio's translation of "Mi Ultimo Adios" and "El Filibusterismo", and Bonficacio's own "Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan". saginaw township clerk; Philippines: Rodolfo Paras-Perez and the National Art Foundation of Malolos, 1976. The artwork was originally commissioned by then U.P. Alumni Association announced its plan to construct an arch to commemorate the inaguration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. ng kanilang adhikain at sigasig Moreover, Memong became one of the three best guitar players in the Philippines during his time. The Oblation (UP Oblation) is a concrete statue done by Philippine National Artist Guillermo Tolentino. While studying, he worked as messenger and assistant to American scupltor Gutzon Borglum, earning $11 a week. Inspired by President Woodrow Wilsons work for peace, he created a small statue symbolizing peace hoping someday he may be able to present it to the President. Baruch said that he saw the Peace statue made by Tolentino and he was willing to grant him scholarship. Sooner he became more interested in sculpture than painting. 1 What was Guillermo Tolentino major contribution in the development of art in the Philippines? Pasig City Museum, In 1911, while he was still in high school, he made a group of drawing of Rizal, Burgos, Antonio and Juan Luna, Regidor and others. ng kanilang kasibulang buhay, His father was a tailor, whose only artistic trait is the love of playing the guitar. In 1959, he received the UNESCO Cultural Award in Sculpture. -Translated by Leon Ma. He then stated that the painting of the stone statue impressed the visitors because it did look like real bronze but to him, implied, though unintentionally, deceit, falsehood, misrepresentation, and artificiality20. Working with a variety of materials and techniques, Abueva integrated the sculptural and functional qualities in his works. Jaime Ang - UP Mindanao 1995 School of Fine Arts. On 25 October 1935, the U.P. What are 2 negative effects of using oil on the environment? It did not take long for Tolentino to produce a maquette. Later, he would be appointed as the school's secretary. The UP Oblation is a masterpiece of a National Artist, Guillermo Tolentino. Mr. Tolentino once worked as a waiter at a restaurant near Rock Creek Park . Guillermo Estrella Tolentino was born in Malolos, Bulacan on 24 July 1890.
a quick view of guillermo tolentino's journey til he got the prestigious National Artist Award, Made this for a purpose. Philippines as seen through Guillermo Tolentino" and the exhibit "The Sculptor is a Medium" Kanade Yagi 1. In 1970, he was also conferred the Presidents Medal of Merit for contributions to nation building through his outstanding work in arts particularly in sculpture. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. There were so many participants that it was said that "such as then was never seen of the Alumni of the University." Guillermo or Memong, as his family called him, inherited this artistic skill. October 2002, Modern Living Section, pp. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The Commonwealth Triumphal Arch was supposed to be placed at the intersection of Padre Burgos and Taft Avenue in front of the Legislative Building. Answer: he used a style which is a mix of realistic art and representational art. and Siliman University.4, There have been many speculations about the model of the sculpture. NATIONAL ARTISTS ARE CALLED NATIONAL ARTISTS BECAUSE THEY HAD CONTRIBUTED TO THE HISTORY, CULTURE, TRADITION AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE PHILIPPINES. He was the fourth of eight children. He was . There, he worked with the contractor Tomas Zamora making monuments of Rizal, a mausoleum, and others. Print. They even offered him money to enable him to do so. Or why Bonifacios monument is the way it is? What kind of awards did Guillermo Tolentino win? It was in Rome that Tolentino had his first solo-artist exhibition. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Contemporary art forms that are related to sculptures like mobiles and three-dimensional light-manipulations such as holograms are not easily classified between free- standing and reliefs and hence are classified in the . Before his formal schooling, he used to mold horses and dogs in clay, out of the materials from the banks of the fishponds in the town. In the afternoons, he attended classes at the School of Fine Arts, University of the Philippines. What is the role of the oblation by Guillermo Tolentino? Wikipedia view all Guillermo Tolentino's Timeline hugasang lahat ang ating kahihiyan, He knows many languages and is also a translator. Moreover, he received various awards and citations in the field of sculpture. ang karapatdapat na naging alay upang Tolentino spent the year 1918 principally in Laguna. Alumni Year Book, Oblation: A Symbol of Patriotism, April 5, 1959 Although Tolentino never made a centavo out of the drawing, he was pleased to see his work in peoples homes everywhere. While studying at the School of Fine Arts, he supported himself by doing works for various marmolerias in Manila. Tolentino was involved in secret rites of the Kapatiran Millenarist Groups with occult symbols, magic of numbers & ancient tagalog or malay script.31, Some of his other famous works include Saluto Romano, which also won abroad, and the Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan whose design won the first prize in 1930. The NM is open Tuesdays to Sundays, from 10 AM to 5 PM. Face to Face with Guillermo Tolentino. He was the fourth of eight children. He received national recognition for his work on the Bonifacio Monument, the design for which was chosen in a competition organized by sculptor Vicente Francisco, and architects Andres Luna de San Pedro and Tomas Mapua. In 1973, Tolentino was named National Artist for Visual Arts for his works in the field of sculpture. He studied Fine Arts in the University of the Philippines and mastered the field of sculpture in America and Rome. President Dr. Jorge Bocobo, "to keep fresh the ideals of the Filipino race." In 1933, he completed the Bonifacio Monument. When asked why, he quitely answered, Because I was not yet a scupltor (Paras-Perez, 1972). What kind of coolant does a 2005 Dodge Ram 1500 take? Here is a plaster sculpture of a standing young woman with a small girl next to her. After twenty-nine years of service to the University, Tolentino returned to private practice in 1955. The monument is now a major landmark of Caloocan City. It was originally located at the UP Manila campus in Ermita, but was moved to the Diliman campus in celebration of the university's 40th anniversary. by: Lilimay Manalo-Castor
Guillermo Estrella Tolentino was born on July 24, 1980 in Malolos, Bulacan and passed away on July 12, 1976 in Quezon City. Manila. Stangl, Jane. Tolentino spent the year 1918 principally in Laguna. Guillermo Estrella Tolentino was a Filipino sculptor and professor of the University of the Philippines. magbubuhos ng dugo upang It was then published in Liwayway, whose editor was Reyes, under the title Grupo de Filipinos Ilustros. In 1970, he was also conferred the Presidents Medal of Merit for contributions to nation building through his outstanding work in arts particularly in sculpture. Before being interested in sculptures, he learned how to play the guitar, a skill which he inherited from his father. With $300 savings, he went to New York to further his studies. On 23 July 1951 during the absence of Fernando Amorsolo, Tolentino was appointed Acting Director of the School of Fine Arts. The cost of the monument was set at about Php 500,000. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. 5 What sort of person is Guillermo Tolentino? He took up his secondary studies at the Manila High School, then pursued a degree in fine arts in 1915 at the University of the Philippines. Guillermo stressed that art should symbolize beauty and reality of life in contrast with Edades' modernist view. 1991. Along with thirteen artists, Tolentino joined a contest in 1930 to design the Bonifacio Monument. His friends, especially Precioso Palma, urged him to open up a shop of his own. -- Guillermo Estrella Tolentino was born in Malolos, Bulacan on 24 July 1890. They even offered him money to enable him to do so. He represents the National Artist Awards for Sculpture in 1973. Some guests of the said event, in different years, were Jose Abad Santos, Pres. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. He is hailed as the "Father of Philippine Arts.". Then, he sent the figures to Italy for bronze casting. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. What art style is described as academic by art historians like Guillermo Tolentino? Around 1924, he came back to Manila and built his own studio which he worked on for one year before becoming an instructor at the UP School of Fine Arts in 1926. In 15 October 1923, he graduated from the Regge Instituto Superiore di Belle Arti di Roma with highest honor Licenziato del Corso Superiore Librero di Scultura. [4], Besides monuments, Tolentino made smaller sculptures, which are now located in the National Museum of Fine Arts and busts of heroes at the Malacaang Palace. http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/national-artists-of-the-philippines/guillermo-tolentino/, Ocampo, Ambeth R. (2013, June 27). Indeed, perhaps his morphing styles and techniques, which span wood, metal, stone and many other media, retain their spirit of authenticity because of the artist's fundamental belief that "a good piece of art transcends any period and has perpetual value." It began when Tolentino entered a selection process with ten other artists to determine the best design for the monument as mandated by the American Governor General Frank Murphy. May 2011-- Guillermo Estrella Tolentino was born in Malolos, Bulacan on 24 July 1890. He confided this to the manager who later spoke of the matter to the private secretary of Mrs. Wilson, who used to frequent the cafe. He would not accept. With $300 savings, he went to New York to further his studies. On display at the fourth floor of the National Arts Gallery, National Museum of the Philippines, National Artist Guillermo E. Tolentino's Venus (ca. It is a figure of a nude man with arms outstretched and looking far beyond the horizon. In 1972, he was given the Diwa ng Lahi Award, the highest honor in the week long Linggo ng Kalinangan celebration in Manila. Required fields are marked *. Fidel Araneta - UPV Cebu The Lady (Teodora Valenzuela Tiglao)
These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. In 1921, he finished his course at the Ecole de Beaux Arts with monetary, medal, and diploma awards. labis alindog In 1933, he completed the Bonifacio Monument. Pasig City Museum, Before his formal schooling, he used to mold horses and dogs in clay, out of the materials from the banks of the fishponds in town. On the other hand, the Bonifacio Monument, otherwise known as the Monumento colloquially by Filipinos, tells another story of bravery among the revolutionaries during the Cry of Pugad Lawin in 1896, spearheaded by Andrs Bonifacio. There was also a symphonic poem composed by Professor Eliseo Pajaro, also entitled "Oblation" that was performed for the first time. It was later transferred to U.P. His parents are Isidro Tolentino and Babina Estrella. Before his formal schooling, he used to mold horses and dogs in clay, out of the materials from the banks of the fishponds in town. Dr. UP Baguio in Museum. His parents were Isidro Tolentino and Balbina Estrella. His call to take arms against the Spanish rule was given on 23 August 1896, which is widely known as Cry of Pugad Lawin.. Guillermo or Memong, as his family called him, inherited this artistic skill. One of the metro's light rail transit (LRT) stations is located near the landmark, and is accordingly called Monumento.. 4 What is the message of Guillermo Tolentino artwork Bonifacio Monument? After a decade, 14 sculptures of the country's first National Artist for Sculpture Guillermo Tolentino were finally been donated by Security Bank to the National Museum of Fine Arts. Oblation to a Nation. The Philippine Star. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Lilimay R. Manalo-Castor is an MA Art History student at the University of the Philippines, Diliman. Office of the Governor, Province of Bulacan though the Provincial Youth, Sports, Employment, Arts and Culture Office (PYSEACO). Face to face with Guillermo Tolentino. Besides, what sort of a person is Guillermo Tolentino? "Bulacanana: A Heritage of Artistic Excellence". The formal elements that are shown in the painting are lines, light, shape and time. 21, 2019 Leon Gallery Makati City , PH Baruch said that he saw the Peace statue made by Tolentino and he was willing to grant him scholarship. In 1915, he graduated in Painting and Sculpture in the School of Fine Arts, with prizes in all subjects taken. He was designated as a National Artist of the Philippines for Sculpture in 1973, three years before his death. Artwork: Gabriela Silang, 1972 by Guillermo TolentinoWhat are the style & techniques of Guillermo Tolentino?Why do you think he is famous in this form of art? Likewise on 12 June 1973, Tolentino received the National Artist Award pursuant to Proclamation No. The June 2018-- A flurry of renewed interest was directed towards the works of Lamberto Hechanova who was reputed as an incubator of modernist painting and sculpture in the 1960s. Filipino sculptor Tolentino's winning design featured an obelisk with a bird of freedom perched atop of it. While studying at the School of Fine Arts, he supported himself by doing works for various marmolerias in Manila. With $300 savings, he went to New York to further his studies. 12 dancing princesses flowers; fnaf animatronic maker; umass lowell lacrosse roster; marc richards pitt rate my professor; Hello world! His Tata Pepe, with whom he was living, succeeded in interesting Severino Reyes to have the drawing lithographed. Then, he sent the figures to Italy for bronze casting. Thereupon, he enrolled at the Ecole de Beaux Arts for advanced courses in scuplture. 1972 Diwa ng Lahi Award. Following his retirement, the U.P. (Photo by Misael Bacani, UP MPRO) In barricades embattled, fighting in delirium, Others give you their lives without doubts, without gloom. He sculpted the University of the Philippines ' monument and main symbol, the UP Oblation, as well as the Bonifacio Monument in . Your email address will not be published. View Guillermo Tolentino's artworks on artnet. When did Guillermo Tolentino become Director of School of Fine Arts? Guillermo Estrella Tolentino was born in Malolos, Bulacan on 24 July 1890. On 4 August 1953, he was appointed Director. Neoclassic Art is also described by art historians like Guillermo as academic along with other established styles imported from Europe via Spanish colonization. What: THE SCULPTOR IS A MEDIUM: Interpreting Guillermo Tolentino When: November 5-9, 2016, Saturday, 6:00 pm Where: Artery Art Space, #102 P.Tuazon Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City, Manila, Philippines Related post: Artery Art Space: a significant space for the creatives This is a press release. He also held a one-man exhibition in Rome after he graduated. guillermo tolentino techniques used. Around the monument's base stand life-size figures of members of the Katipunan led by their leader Andres Bonifacio. October 2002, Modern Living Section, pp. Forgotten Triumphs. The Philippine Star. gaussian elimination row echelon form calculator. This is the list of other artists and their replicas of the Oblation: Anastacio Caedo - UP Manila. Tolentino worked on the Oblation at about the same time he did the Bonifacio Monument. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Thereupon, he enrolled at the Ecole de Beaux Arts for advanced courses in scuplture. Guillermo Tolentino, National Artist, Sculpture 1973. https://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Guillermo_E._Tolentino&oldid=12360. Iskultura sa Pilipinas: Mula anito hanggang assemblage at iba pang sanaysay. Maging maringal man at He is consider as the "Father of Philippine Arts . He produced highly stylized, simplified, and eventually abstract works under the influence of Moore and Brancusi. He opened his studio in Manila on January 24. In many dining rooms in the past hung an image of the "Ultima Cena (Last Supper)" or a pair of those giant hardwood spoons and forks from Baguio that led some children to believe their ancestors were . He graduated in painting and sculpting in 1915 with prizes from all subjects. Print. With this theme in mind, by then UP President Rafael Palma commissioned Tolentino in 1935 for a sculpture that would soon be the icon that it is now. He went on to Paris and stayed there for anothe week. Unfortunately, the war got in the way and the triumphal arch was never built. What was Guillermo Tolentino major contribution in the development of art in the Philippines? Guillermo Estrella Tolentino (24 July 1890 -1976) was a Filipino sculptor in classical style who was named National Artist for the Visual Arts in 1973. Who is the father of Philippine arts What are his contribution? Sculpture 3.) ___________. Guillermo Estrella Tolentino (July 24, 1890 - July 12, 1976) was a Filipino sculptor and professor of the University of the Philippines. UP Diamond Jubilee Presidential Commission, The University of the Philippines: A University for Filipinos, 1975 Instead of basing the statues on printed . Shortly, Tolentino secured an audience with President Wilson at the White House, marking the turning point in the beginning of his carrer. In Rome, he created the Saluto Romano and won the second prize in a sculptural competition for his study of The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. It was said to have been sparked by militant nationalist movements of the Rome in his student days, and his admiration of the Philippine Revolution of 1898, especially Bonifacio. His first drawing teacher was a Thomasite, Mrs. H.A. It instantly reminded me of the painting The Birth of Venus by Italian painter Sandro Botticelli. The Sunday Times Magazine, 53 Years of UP's 'Oblation', May 28, 1989 Juan Arellano designed it. He won the design for the Bonifacio Monument and was granted a commission for its installation. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. He was designated as a National Artist of the Philippines for Sculpture in 1973, three years before his death. Tolentino which serves as the iconic symbol of the University of the Philippines. The unveiling of the stone U.P. Guillermo Estrella Tolentino represents the National Artist Awards for Sculpture in 1973. [3] Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Later years 4 Death 5 Awards and exhibitions Tolentino said that it symbolizes the heroes of the World war II who fought during that night. Funds were short but on 15 November 1938, Mrs. Aurora Quezon laid the first trowel-full of cement on the monuments foundation. He graduated in painting and sculpture in 1915 with prizes in all subjects. 1967 Republic Cultural Heritage Award. What is the major contribution of Napoleon Abueva in the field of sculpture? The same year, he executed the relief figures designed by Arellano on the facade of Casino Espaol on Taft Avenue. In 1935, the Oblation was unveiled on its original site in the Padre Faura Quadrangle at U.P. He worked as a waiter in a cafe in Rock Creek Park. He likened the Oblation to Rodin's The Thinker but says that the latter is didactic compared to the more touching message that the former has. Si Guillermo Estrella Tolentino ay isang batikang iskultor at guro ng Pilipinas. 1973 National Artist of the Philippines for Visual Arts in Sculpture. Guillermo Tolentino. Tolentino started studying in Malolos Intermediate School and continued his high school years in the same city. Although Tolentino never made a centavo out of the drawing, he was pleased to see his work in peoples homes everywhere. 2nd Semester, A.Y. Will sweep the fledging mind to seats of glory" [6] He also designed the medals of the Ramon Magsaysay Award and the seal of the Republic of the Philippines. His parents are Isidro Tolentino and Babina Estrella.22 He married Paz Raymundo in 1932 and they had seven children: Liwanag, Dalisay, Soliman, Magligtas, Marikit, Isagani. 8, which he described as self-explanatory, had something to do with the birth of the Philippines as a free nation, independent of the United States. Napoleon Abueva - UP Los Bao\ 1983. Guillermo Tolentino. He is hailed as the Father of Philippine Arts. He sculpted the University of the Philippines' monument and main symbol, the UP Oblation, as well as the Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan City. There, he worked with the contractor Tomas Zamora making monuments of Rizal, a mausoleum, and others. Then, he moved to Rome where he spent the next three and a half years. 0. guillermo tolentino techniques used. He loved the intense & charismatic, tragic hero & leader of the revolution. dugo, yaman, dunong, katiisa't pagod, Quezon City: Peso Book Foundation. 2011-2012 H. A. Bordner na siyang unang nagturo sa kanya ng pagguguhit sa . he said, but with much pride.23 Still self-supporting, he was able to enter the U.P. He was the fourth child in his family and had seven siblings. Guillermo Estrella Tolentino (24 July 1890 -1976) was a Filipino sculptor in classical style who was named National Artist for the Visual Arts in 1973. Kayumanggi: Biographies of Philippine Visual Artists. His father was a tailor, whose only artistic trait is the love of playing the guitar. [3], In 1955, Tolentino retired from service in the University of the Philippines and returned to private practice. Oblation statue was during the National Heroes Day of 1939 (last Sunday of August due to Act No. It is worth noting that among other sculptures made by Filipinos, Guillermo Tolentino did not fail in giving us stories from the past. Guillermo E. Tolentino (1890 - 1976) Bust of a Ladysigned and dated 1974 (right) plaster 18 1/2" x 19" x13" (47 cm x 48 cm x 33 cm) Estimate: USD $500-$6.. 1492: Guillermo Tolentino (1890-1976) Untitled Plaster H: 15" x L: 7" x W: 6" Est: PHP 2,000 - PHP 2,600 View sold prices Jul.