which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

d. genes. 83. They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously by distorting reality. What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? a. modeling c. develop depression but recover more quickly. Check out Figure 2.10 to see if you do. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. b. multicultural. c. manifest content. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. Conditioning, or a type of associative learning, occurs when two separate events become connected. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 6. d. discounted the concept of abnormality and focused on acceptance. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: In the 1960s and 1970s, social upheaval and soul-searching in Western society gave rise to humanistic and existential therapies. 2.3.1.3. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. Social Sciences; Psychology; Psychology questions and answers; which statement about catergorical vs dimensions models of abnormal behavior is true?A categorial models capture the complexity of mental disorders btter than dimensional modelsB Dimensional models better reflect nature/ reality of disorders than categorial onesC Catergorial models capture the severitu of mental disorders while . 2.2.2. b. ego. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? b. self-actualization. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. Describe how the biological model explains mental illness. b. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? Psychosurgery. The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. First, consider the topic of social cognition or the process of collecting and assessing information about others. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? The structure of personality. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. d. integrate new behaviors to compensate for other damaging behaviors. a. The biopsychosocial model examines the health and other illnesses and product behavior with biological features and behavioral factors.Several health psychologists work with healthcare experts and patients to help . Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. b. genetic mutations. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. b. self-actualizing. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? c. sociocultural. b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. 32. 2.2.3.1. d. known risk and protective factors. First, extinction is when something that we do, say, think/feel has not been reinforced for some time. 65. d. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. a. existential therapy b. free association c. mindfulness meditation d. gestalt therapy, 98. Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. 2.3.2.1. This form of learning is called: a. shaping. Little Albert made no response outside of curiosity (NSNR not shown). They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: a. intellectualization. For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. d. reality principle. b. develop depression even when not under stress. Uni-dimensional models alone are too simplistic to explain the etiology of mental disorders fully. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: a. using I language. 86. Learning has two main forms associative learning and observational learning. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. b. b. good long-term prognoses. c. Beck. I know my grandmother used to. 165. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. a. humanistic therapy. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. The point where this occurs is called the synapse. The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. 155. Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. b. dendrites. Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. d. neurotransmitter imbalances. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. These included risk versions of two genes that regulate the flow of calcium into cells. Likewise, twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives suffering from OCD are at higher risk to develop the disorder themselves. d. classical conditioning. Preconditioning. It consists of the brain and spinal cord. c. transference. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. Therefore, there is no such thing as abnormal behavior. d. A child often deliberately (consciously) adopts so-called abnormal behaviors when interacting with the family unit as a way to maintaining homeostasis.. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. The neural impulse proceeds across the following steps: Lets look at the electrical portion of the process in another way and add some detail. Solved model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the - Chegg b. exposure therapy. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. c. resistance. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. This information is passed to the nervous system due to the process of transduction and through sensory or afferent neurons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. c. psychoanalytic theory. When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. The answer is yes and no, depending on whether we are talking about continuous or partial reinforcement. a. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? c. Its use is controversial because it requires surgical implantation of electrodes. The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? 59. But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. Outline observational learning/social-learning theory and the work of Bandura. Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a here and now orientation, are _____ therapists. How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? c. insert RNA into genes. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. c. gestalt therapy. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice. Choose one answer. This therapy is BEST described as: a. relational psychoanalytic therapy. A girl values her self-worth even when she fails at something. 2.2.2.1. The humanistic perspective focuses on positive regard, conditions of worth, and the fully functioning person while the existential perspective stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. b. learned behavior. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure, societal norms, and the client's roles in society. In terms of the latter, some symbols are linked to the person specifically, while others are common to all people. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. "That's all right. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. 166. Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. 128. In the case of men. Watson and Skinner defined behavior as what we do or say, but later behaviorists added what we think or feel. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. Behaviorally test your thought. c. psychodynamic. The charge inside is -70mV at rest. Environmental factors also play a role in the development of mental illness. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. d. catharsis. a. low activity of GABA b. absence of dopamine c. low activity of serotonin d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. d. humanists. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. c. unconditional positive regard. The procedure is still the most controversial available to mental health professionals due to its effectiveness vs. the side effects, the objectivity of ECT experts, and the recent increase in ECT as a quick and easy solution, instead of long-term psychotherapy or hospitalization (https://www.mhanational.org/ect). b. ego. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. c. intellectualization. Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. Children who watched the aggressive model behaved aggressively with the Bobo doll while those who saw the gentle model, played nice. For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. What is it? b. biological. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: a. oral stage. See Figure 2.5 for an overview of Pavlovs classic experiment. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. 51. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. This is called the absolute refractory period. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. b. transference. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? a. 56. 137. In terms of distinctive structures, these focus on the ability of a neuron to send and receive information. Nevertheless, just before the track meet begins, she thinks, "I can't do this! Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? a. long-term memory b. numerical and spatial reasoning c. autonomic nervous system functioning d. feelings of social connectedness among teens, 105. Which statement about paradigms is FALSE? A cognitive-behavioral therapist would MOST likely recommend: More on this throughout the book as we discuss each disorder. In the case of respondent conditioning, stimuli exert complete and automatic control over some behaviors. In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. d. psychoanalytic therapy. Finally, psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and time consuming, and since Freuds time, drug therapies have become more popular and successful. As fears can be learned, so too they can be unlearned. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. Men with mental illnesses are also less likely to have received mental health treatment than women in the past year. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: a. cognition-focused therapists. According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: a. positive transference. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has not been able to help her get rid of them. Breuers wife, Mathilde, became jealous of her husbands relationship with the young girl, leading Breuer to terminate treatment in June of 1882 before Anna had fully recovered. d. This model requires the therapist to predict abnormal behavior in individuals. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: a. id. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. c. irrational patterns of thinking. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. For communication, decide if the problem is related to speaking, listening, or both and then develop a plan for use in various interpersonal situations. The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulses moving in a few hundredths of a second. The answer is yes, and one of two outcomes is possible. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? b. axons. With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. d. Freud. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). c. operant conditioning. Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? a. sociocultural b. biocultural c. psychocultural d. cognitive-cultural. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? c. enmeshed. This is called: a. fixation. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. 71. Participants have similar issues. 30. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. They act as a glue and hold the neuron in place. a. existential This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. d. bipolar disorder. His name is A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. So, if you were afraid of clowns, you would be thrown into a room full of clowns. This is in accord with what Freud called: a. reflex. It begins with the individual learning a relaxation technique such as diaphragmatic breathing. 46. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. 147. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. Right? Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? All of the models include an element of the biological model. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. c. extended psychoanalytic therapy. d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. The endocrine system moves slowly with hormones, released by endocrine glands, taking seconds, or even minutes, to reach their target. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. c. psychoanalysts. a. starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals mental health in the workplace. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? b. anal stage. b. Existentialists believe that research isnt necessary, because the effectiveness of existential therapy is already apparent due to its widespread success. c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. The actual code passes from one neuron to another in a chemical form called a neurotransmitter. A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. 43. 121. a. having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety b. prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine c. teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts d. encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties.

which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality? 2023