[4][5] In 1989, the USAF retired the SR-71 largely for political reasons; several were briefly reactivated during the 1990s before their second retirement in 1998. Thankfully, this possibility seemed less and less likely, and the SR-71 was also capable of conventional intelligence gathering. On that same day, the aircraft set the Speed Over a Closed Course record of 2,193.167 mph. Aircraft VOL.11, NO. [81][82], SLAR, built by Goodyear Aerospace, could be carried in the removable nose. It is the integration of strategic and tactical. The one record that it still holds is a cross-country flight, zipping from Los Angeles to Washington, D.C. in just 64 minutes 20 seconds. Blackbird diaries, Air & Space, December 2014/January 2015, p. 46. Thus, Swedish airspace was violated, whereupon two unarmed[115] Saab JA 37 Viggens on an exercise at the height of Vstervik were ordered there. [12], The A-12 first flew at Groom Lake (Area 51), Nevada, on 25 April 1962. [33] The heat would have caused a smooth skin to split or curl, whereas the corrugated skin could expand vertically and horizontally and had increased longitudinal strength. [97] These deployments were code-named "Glowing Heat", while the program as a whole was code-named "Senior Crown". The SR-71 holds a coast-to-coast speed record of 64 . On 6 March 1990, Lt. Col. Raymond E. Yeilding and Lt. Col. Joseph T. Vida piloted SR-71 S/N 61-7972 on its final Senior Crown flight and set four new speed records in the process: These four speed records were accepted by the National Aeronautic Association (NAA), the recognized body for aviation records in the United States. No. 3. It has set numerous speed and altitude records including the following in chronological order May 01, 1965 Absolute Altitude: 80,257.86 ft (24,390 meters). Later start carts used Chevrolet big-block V8 engines. Answer (1 of 7): In fact, common data say that SR-71 could fly at 85,000ft (26km) altitude and up to Mach 3.35 with a cruise speed of Mach 3.1. The CIA requested designs from aerospace manufacturers for a new aircraft that would not be as susceptible to attack. This operating environment makes the aircraft excellent platforms to carry out research and experiments in a Created by Lockheed's brilliant designer Kelly Johnson, the SR-71 Blackbird is one of the most legendary aircraft to emerge from the famous "Skunk Works". The SR-71 was one of several spy airplanes built to venture into enemy territory without being shot down or even detected. The Blackbird landed at over 170 knots (200mph; 310km/h) and deployed a drag parachute to stop; the chute also acted to reduce stress on the tires.[39]. Johnson decided to counter this criticism by revealing the existence of the YF-12A USAF interceptor, which also served as cover for the still-secret A-12[20] and the USAF reconnaissance model since July 1964. Its first operational mission was over Vietnam and subsequent missions were flown one to three times per week. The specialized tooling used to manufacture both the YF-12 and the SR-71 was also ordered destroyed. The system's digital computer ephemeris contained data on a list of stars used for celestial navigation: the list first included 56 stars and was later expanded to 61. During aerial reconnaissance missions, the SR-71 operated at high speeds and altitudes (Mach 3.2 and 85,000 feet, 25,900 meters), allowing it to outrace or entirely avoid threats. Capable of Mach 3 flight, the SR-71 could survey 100,000 miles of the earth's surface from an altitude of 80,000 feet. The event had been classified for over 30 years, and when the report was unsealed, data from the NSA showed that multiple MiG-25s with the order to shoot down the SR-71 or force it to land, had started right after the engine failure. The USAF may have seen the SR-71 as a bargaining chip to ensure the survival of other priorities. The USAF could fly each SR-71, on average, once per week, because of the extended turnaround required after mission recovery. Much like the SR-71, the A-12 was about 30-meters (100-feet) long, had a wingspan of 17 meters (55 feet), and weighed 54,431 kilograms (120,000 pounds). [137] Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are also used for aerial reconnaissance in the 21st century, being able to overfly hostile territory without putting human pilots at risk, as well as being smaller and harder to detect than manned aircraft. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird (Air Vanguard) by Crickmore, Paul F. (paperback) at the best online prices at eBay! The strategic reconnaissance aircraft could operate at an altitude of . 61-7980/NASA 844). Titanium was in short supply in the United States, so the Skunk Works team was forced to look elsewhere for the metal. It was located above and behind the student cockpit. SR-71 was designed to outperform every Soviet aircraft and missile with speed and altitude, following the 1960 incident, when the Soviets shot down CIA reconnaissance aircraft 1960 and captured its pilot Gary Powers. [123], Retired USAF Colonel Jay Murphy was made the Program Manager for Lockheed's reactivation plans. [49], On a typical mission, the SR-71 took off with only a partial fuel load to reduce stress on the brakes and tires during takeoff and also ensure it could successfully take off should one engine fail. [138][139] However, the USAF is officially pursuing the Northrop Grumman RQ-180 UAV to assume the SR-71's strategic ISR role. . From the operator's perspective, what I need is something that will not give me just a spot in time but will give me a track of what is happening. NASA released video footage of the SR-71 Blackbird, the high-altitude recon aircraft capable of reaching speeds over Mach 3. An SR-71 was used domestically in 1971 to assist the FBI in their manhunt for the skyjacker D.B. Itek KA-102A 3648in (9101,220mm) camera. The Blackbirds were designed to cruise at "Mach 3+," just over three times the speed of sound or more than 2,200 miles per hour and at altitudes up to 85,000 feet. ", "SR-71 Pilot Interview Richard Graham Veteran Tales", "SR-71 Online - SR-71 Flight Manual: Section 4, Page 4-86", "SR-71 Online - SR-71 Flight Manual: Section 4, Page 4-99", "SR-71 Online - SR-71 Flight Manual: Section 4, Page 4-123", "SR-71 Online - SR-71 Flight Manual: Section 4, Page 4-129", "SR-71 Online - SR-71 Flight Manual: Section 4, Page 4-132", "SR-71 Online - SR-71 Flight Manual: Section 4, Page 4-146", "First man to fly the world's fastest aircraft dies in Rancho Mirage", "SR-71 Pilot Interview Richard Graham, Veteran Tales interview at Frontiers of Flight Museum (at 1:02:55)", "Memorandum for the Chairman, Sanitization and Decontrol Working Group Black Shield Photography", "Bye Bye U-2: CIA Legend Allen Predicts End Of Manned Reconnaissance", "SPIONFLY, DEN KALDE KRIGEN - Spionfly landet i Bod", "TV: Krnvapenskra bunkern styrde flygplanen", "4 Swedish JA-37 Viggen pilots receives medals for SR-71 Blackbird rescue operation 1987 Part:1/2", "4 Swedish JA-37 Viggen pilots receives medals for SR-71 Blackbird rescue operation 1987 Part:2/2", "SR-71 World Record Speed and Altitude Flights", "A-12, YF-12A, & SR-71 Timeline of Events", "Spy Plane Sets Speed Record, Then Retires. Also, the SR-71 program's "product", which was operational and strategic intelligence, was not seen by these generals as being very valuable to the USAF. If internal pressures became too great and the spike was incorrectly positioned, the shock wave would suddenly blow out the front of the inlet, called an "inlet unstart". They refueled from a KC-135, accelerated. However, by the mid-1980s, these SR-71 generals all had retired, and a new generation of USAF generals mostly wanted to cut the program's budget and spend its funding on different priorities, such as the very expensive new B-2 Spirit strategic bomber program. We do not know whether they then went on to move across that bridge. During aerial reconnaissance missions, the SR-71 operated at high speeds and altitudes (Mach 3.2 and 85,000 feet, 25,900 meters), allowing it to outrace or entirely avoid threats. The SR-71 was in duty from 1964 until 1989 and during a reactivation from 1993 until 1998. The counterargument was that the longer the SR-71 was not upgraded as aggressively as it ought to have been, the more people could say that it was obsolescent, which was in their interest as champions of other programs (a self-fulfilling bias). The Foxhound climbed at 65,676 feet where the crew. [26] Graham said that the last-mentioned one was only a sales pitch, not a fact, at the time in the 1990s. For comparison, the best commercial Concorde flight time was 2 hours 52 minutes and the Boeing 747 averages 6 hours 15 minutes. [33] However, in practice the SR-71 was sometimes more efficient at even faster speedsdepending on the outside air temperatureas measured by pounds of fuel burned per nautical mile traveled. [33], Some SR-71s featured red stripes to prevent maintenance workers from damaging the thin, fragile skin located near the center of the fuselage. Rob Vermeland, Lockheed Martin's manager of Advanced Development Program, said in an interview in 2015 that high-tempo operations were not realistic for the SR-71. If the SAM site could track the SR-71 and fire a SAM in time, the SAM would expend nearly all of the delta-v of its boost and sustainer phases just reaching the SR-71's altitude; at this point, out of thrust, it could do little more than follow its ballistic arc. Fuselage panels were manufactured to fit only loosely with the aircraft on the ground. [52] One response to a single unstart was unstarting both inlets to prevent yawing, then restarting them both. "[104] It was agreed to add $100million to the budget to return three SR-71s to service, but it was emphasized that this "would not prejudice support for long-endurance UAVs" [such as the Global Hawk]. [134] Additionally, Air & Space/Smithsonian reported that the USAF clocked the SR-71 at one point in its flight reaching 2,242.48 miles per hour (3,608.92km/h). The SR-71 entered service in January 1966. [56], The SR-71 was powered by two Pratt & Whitney J58 (company designation JT11D-20) axial-flow turbojet engines. 11, November 1974. On 28 July 1976, SR-71 serial number 61-7962, piloted by then Captain Robert Helt, broke the world record: an "absolute altitude record" of 85,069 feet (25,929 m). After passing through the turbine, the exhaust, together with the compressor bleed air, entered the afterburner. In June 1998, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the line-item veto was unconstitutional. [103], While deployed at Okinawa, the SR-71s and their aircrew members gained the nickname Habu (as did the A-12s preceding them) after a pit viper indigenous to Japan, which the Okinawans thought the plane resembled. On May 1, 1960, a surface-to-air missile explosion knocked down the U-2 of Gary Powers over Soviet airspace. The J58 was a considerable innovation of the era, capable of producing a static thrust of 32,500lbf (145kN). [104], Congress's disappointment with the lack of a suitable replacement for the Blackbird was cited concerning whether to continue funding imaging sensors on the U-2. [120] Four months after the plane's retirement, General Norman Schwarzkopf Jr., was told that the expedited reconnaissance, which the SR-71 could have provided, was unavailable during Operation Desert Storm. [44] After the advisory panel provisionally selected Convair's FISH design over the A-3 on the basis of RCS, Lockheed adopted chines for its A-4 through A-6 designs. 28, 1976 in fact, SR-71 61-7962 set two world records for its class an absolute speed record of 2,193.167 mph and an absolute altitude record of 85,068.997 feet (although SR-71 61-7953 unofficially reached 86,700 feet in 1968). This configuration had a second seat for the weapons officer and cut back the chines along the nose in order to fit the AN/ASG-18 Fire Control System and AIM-47A missile armament. Goodall, James and Jay Miller. On one occasion, one complete wing with engine was replaced as the easiest way to get the plane airborne again. They maintained that, in a time of constrained military budgets, designing, building, and testing an aircraft with the same capabilities as the SR-71 would be impossible. ", "NASA Dryden Technology Facts - YF-12 Flight Research Program", "A Technology Pathway for Airbreathing, Combined-Cycle, Horizontal Space Launch Through SR-71 Based Trajectory Modeling. A general misunderstanding of the nature of aerial reconnaissance and a lack of knowledge about the SR-71 in particular (due to its secretive development and operations) was used by detractors to discredit the aircraft, with the assurance given that a replacement was under development. SR-71 Blackbird spotted breaking the sound barrier at high altitude. Twelve SR-71s were lost and one pilot died in accidents during the aircraft's service career. [42] Drawing on early studies in radar stealth technology, which indicated that a shape with flattened, tapering sides would reflect most energy away from a radar beam's place of origin, engineers added chines and canted the vertical control surfaces inward. The dark color led to the aircraft's nickname "Blackbird". On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. A joint project of the Air Force and CIA, the U-2 had great successes flying along the borders of the Soviet Union starting in 1956, eventually completing 24 successful missions. Air Force and NASA. On 28 July 1976, SR-71 serial number 61-7962, piloted by then Captain Robert Helt, broke the world record: an "absolute altitude record" of 85,069 feet (25,929 m). Several aircraft have exceeded this altitude in zoom climbs, but not in sustained flight. It reached 20,000 feet (6,100m) of altitude in less than two minutes, and the typical 80,000 feet (24,000m) cruising altitude in another 17 minutes, having used one third of its fuel. The primary consumers of this intelligence were the CIA, NSA, and DIA. [19] It is a common misconception that the planes refueled shortly after takeoff because the jet fuel leaked. [104] The Skunk Works was able to return the aircraft to service under budget at $72million. Very often an aircraft would return with rivets missing, delaminated panels or other broken parts such as inlets requiring repair or replacement. Landis and Jenkins 2005, pp. During unstarts, afterburner extinctions were common. The squadron finally closed in mid-1990, and the aircraft were distributed to static display locations, with a number kept in reserve storage.[26]. [131] This equates to an average speed of about Mach2.72, including deceleration for in-flight refueling. According to Richard Graham, a former SR-71 pilot, the navigation system was good enough to limit drift to 1,000ft (300m) off the direction of travel at Mach3.[73]. The SR-71 originated in a post-World War II environment where reconnaissance was in high demand. [8], Operational highlights for the entire Blackbird family (YF-12, A-12, and SR-71) as of about 1990 included:[104]. more than 30 years ago, SR-71s are still the world's fastest and highest-flying production aircraft. The same day another SR-71 set an absolute speed record of 3,529.6 kilometers per hour (2,193.2 miles per hour), approximately Mach 3.3. The remaining engine's asymmetrical thrust would cause the aircraft to yaw violently to one side. The work on project Archangel began in the second quarter of 1958, with aim of flying higher and faster than the U-2. Book Synopsis. [28] During its service life, no SR-71 was ever shot down. Its initial purpose would have been to conduct post-nuclear strike reconnaissance; that is, looking over the enemys situation after a nuclear exchange. [178], Avionics It carried one highly sophisticated, downward-looking film camera, but the plan was to eventually outfit the craft with an infrared camera, side-looking radar, and a gamma spectrometer. Unofficially, SR-71 pilot Brian Shul states in his book The Untouchables that he flew in excess of Mach 3.5 on 15 April 1986 over Libya to evade a missile. The rotating machinery had become a drag item[61] and the engine thrust at high speeds came from the afterburner temperature rise. Another project stemming from the development of the A-12 was the M-21 aircraft and the D-21 drone. The air then entered the engine compressor. Due to the excessive cost of operating both A-12 and SR-71 programs, the SR-71 was chosen to take over Operation Black Shield at Kadena in 1968. On 1 November 2013, media outlets reported that Skunk Works has been working on an unmanned reconnaissance airplane it has named SR-72, which would fly twice as fast as the SR-71, at Mach 6. [2] If a surface-to-air missile launch was detected, the standard evasive action was simply to accelerate and outpace the missile. Tweet in Share Print Number of views (3286) [N 1] It was operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) and NASA.[1]. This flight was awarded the 1971 Mackay Trophy for the "most meritorious flight of the year" and the 1972 Harmon Trophy for "most outstanding international achievement in the art/science of aeronautics".[132]. [33] Research was conducted on a liquid hydrogen powerplant, but the tanks for storing cryogenic hydrogen were not of a suitable size or shape. The U-2 was able to cruise at heights of more than 21,336 meters (70,000 feet), out of the reach of contemporary Soviet surface-to-air missiles and interceptors. [140], National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)[150]. Supersonic flights generally lasted no more than 90 minutes before the pilot had to find a tanker. In flight, the ANS, which sat behind the reconnaissance systems officer's (RSO's), position, tracked stars through a circular quartz glass window on the upper fuselage. The Blackbirds owes its success to the continuum of aircraft that came before it. [15], The SR-71 designation is a continuation of the pre-1962 bomber series; the last aircraft built using the series was the XB-70 Valkyrie. Once the first J58 engine was started, the cart was repositioned to start the aircraft's other J58 engine. ", "SR-71 Online - SR-71 Flight Manual: Section 1, Page 1-20", "SR-71A-1 Flight Manual, Section IV, p. On 28 July 1976, SR-71 serial number 61-7962, piloted by then Captain Robert Helt, broke the world record: an "absolute altitude record" of 85,069 feet (25,929 m). From 80,000 feet, an SR-71 could survey 100,000 square miles of Earth's . [23] Production of the SR-71 totaled 32 aircraft with 29 SR-71As, two SR-71Bs, and the single SR-71C.[24]. Colonel Rich Graham, SR-71 pilot, described the acquisition process: The airplane is 92% titanium inside and out. The 1960 downing of Francis Gary Powers's U-2 underscored the aircraft's vulnerability and the need for faster reconnaissance aircraft such as the A-12. [64][65], Several exotic fuels were investigated for the Blackbird. ", "Design and Development of the Blackbird: Challenges and Lessons Learned", "Lockheed SR-71 "Blackbird" - Air Power Provided", "SR-71 Blackbird: The Cold War's ultimate spy plane", "OXCART vs Blackbird: Do You Know the Difference? The program's cancellation was announced on 28 December 1966,[13] due both to budget concerns[14] and because of the forthcoming SR-71, a derivative of the A-12. [49] Its "blue light" source star tracker, which could see stars during both day and night, would continuously track a variety of stars as the aircraft's changing position brought them into view. What would happen if an SR-71 tried to surpass that altitude? It was a slow craft and visible on radar, but it compensated for these deficiencies with its high-altitude capability. Reconnaissance aircraft. Quote from Reg Blackwell, SR-71 pilot, interviewed for "Battle Stations" episode "SR-71 Blackbird Stealth Plane", first aired on History Channel 15 December 2002. Free shipping for many products! Marshall, Eliot, "The Blackbird's Wake", Air & Space, October/November 1990, p. 35. [123], The SR-71 was the world's fastest and highest-flying air-breathing operational manned aircraft throughout its career and it still holds that record. Specialized protective pressurized suits were produced for crew members by the David Clark Company for the A-12, YF-12, M-21 and SR-71. [81] Initially, the TEOCs could not match the resolution of the A-12's larger camera, but rapid improvements in both the camera and film improved this performance. Kloesel, Kurt J., Nalin A. Ratnayake and Casie M. Clark. [135] After the Los AngelesWashington flight, on 6 March 1990, Senator John Glenn addressed the United States Senate, chastising the Department of Defense for not using the SR-71 to its full potential: Mr. President, the termination of the SR-71 was a grave mistake and could place our nation at a serious disadvantage in the event of a future crisis. Attempts to add a datalink to the SR-71 were stymied early on by the same factions in the Pentagon and Congress who were already set on the program's demise, even in the early 1980s. 831 officially delivered to NASA Dryden Flight Research Center at, 28 September 1994: Congress votes to allocate $100million for reactivation of three SR-71s, 28 June 1995: First reactivated SR-71 returns to USAF as Detachment 2, 9 October 1999: The last flight of the SR-71 (AF Ser. Moving the spike tip drew the shock wave riding on it closer to the inlet cowling until it touched just slightly inside the cowling lip. Marshall, Elliot, The Blackbird's Wake, Air & Space, October/November 1990, p. 31. a list of stars used for celestial navigation, 4200th (later, 9th) Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, National Museum of the United States Air Force, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Aircraft in fiction Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird, List of military aircraft of the United States, List of United States Air Force reconnaissance aircraft, "The SR-71 Blackbird: The Super Spy Plane That Outran Missiles", "NASA Armstrong Fact Sheet: SR-71 Blackbird", "U.S. Pushes Hard To Build SR-72 Hypersonic Fighter", "Records: Sub-class: C-1 (Landplanes) Group 3: turbo-jet. Related: Here Are The Most Terrifying Aircraft Ever Used By The Military Air passing through the turbojet was compressed further by the remaining five compressor stages and then fuel was added in the combustion chamber. The major supplier of the ore was the USSR. [35] Within 20 seconds the aircraft traveled 4,500 feet (1,400m), reached 240 miles per hour (390km/h), and lifted off. YF-12A # 60-6934. "Lockheed's Blackbirds: A-12, YF-12 and SR-71". Designed at Lockheeds Skunk Works by Clarence Kelly Johnson, the SR-71 performed reconnaissance for the U.S. Air Force for more than 30 years and played a key role in Cold War intelligence gathering. USAF Chief of Staff General Curtis LeMay preferred the SR (Strategic Reconnaissance) designation and wanted the RS-71 to be named SR-71. 61-7972, when the Astro-Inertial Navigation System (ANS) fails on a training mission and they accidentally fly into Mexican airspace, 5 February 1968: Lockheed ordered to destroy A-12, YF-12, and SR-71 tooling, 8 March 1968: First SR-71A (AF Ser. [3] On average, each SR-71 could fly once per week due to the extended turnaround required after mission recovery. They had a second cockpit for an instructor pilot. As velocity decreased, so did frictional heat. On landing, the canopy temperature was over 572F (300C). Mach3.2 was the design point for the aircraft, its most efficient speed. Major sections of the skin of the inboard wings were corrugated, not smooth. [84] After landing, information from the SLAR, ELINT gathering systems, and the maintenance data recorder were subjected to postflight ground analysis. The SR-71 Blackbird set speed and altitude records that stand to this day. An SR-71 refueling from a KC-135Q Stratotanker during a flight in 1983. Despite a brief revival of SR-71 flights in the mid-1990s, the program came to a final close in 1998. Kelly Johnson answered the call. [9][10][11], Lockheed's previous reconnaissance aircraft was the relatively slow U-2, designed for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). [68], Specialized KC-135Q tankers were required to refuel the SR-71. "Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1994 and The Future Years.". Sepanjang perkhidmatannya selama 24 tahun dengan Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat, pesawat SR-71 Blackbird yang boleh terbang selaju Mach 3++ kekal sebagai pesawat paling laju dan berkemampuan terbang paling tinggi pada 80,000 kaki altitude. SAS, autopilot, and manual control inputs would fight the yawing, but often the extreme off-angle would reduce airflow in the opposite engine and stimulate "sympathetic stalls". [37] Cooling was carried out by cycling fuel behind the titanium surfaces in the chines. Why the SR-71 Blackbird Is Such a Badass Plane; The SR-71 was the result of a requirement for a high-speed, high-altitude strategic reconnaissance aircraft. [26]:204 While the SR-71 survived attempts to retire it in 1988, partly due to the unmatched ability to provide high-quality coverage of the Kola Peninsula for the US Navy,[119][26]:194195 the decision to retire the SR-71 from active duty came in 1989, with the last missions flown in October that year. The limitations of reconnaissance satellites, which take up to 24 hours to arrive in the proper orbit to photograph a particular target, make them slower to respond to demand than reconnaissance planes. On 28 July 1976, SR-71 serial number 61-7958 set an absolute speed record of 1,905.81 knots (2,193.2 mph; 3,529.6 km/h), approximately Mach 3.3. These A-12s flew missions over Laos, North Vietnam, and North Korea. Hall also stated they were "looking at alternative means of doing [the job of the SR-71]. As the U-2 was called Kellys Angel, or Angel, Lockheeds designs for its successor were designated with an A prefix for Archangel. The CIA gave the contract to Lockheeds A-11, which was modified and secretly re-designated the A-12. PBS documentary, Aired: 15 November 2006. [19], The outer windscreen of the cockpit was made of quartz and was fused ultrasonically to the titanium frame. The R-12 also had a larger two-seat cockpit, and reshaped fuselage chines. 61-7974, is lost due to an engine explosion after taking off from Kadena AB, the last Blackbird to be lost, 22 November 1989: USAF SR-71 program officially terminated, 6 March 1990: Last SR-71 flight under Senior Crown program, setting four speed records en route to the Smithsonian Institution, 25 July 1991: SR-71B, AF Ser. Landing speeds were also reduced, as the chines' vortices created turbulent flow over the wings at high angles of attack, making it harder to stall. American leaders needed to know about the Soviet Unions nuclear capability, ICBM program, and military installations. The aircraft flew at more than 2200 mph (Mach 3+ or more than three times the speed of sound) and at altitudes over 85,000 feet. [118] Opponents estimated the aircraft's support cost at $400 to $700million per year, though the cost was actually closer to $300million. Maximum speed limit was Mach 3.2, but could be raised to Mach 3.3 if the engine compressor inlet temperature did not exceed 801F (427C). [53] After wind tunnel testing and computer modeling by NASA Dryden test center,[54] Lockheed installed an electronic control to detect unstart conditions and perform this reset action without pilot intervention. [72] The ANS could supply altitude and position to flight controls and other systems, including the mission data recorder, automatic navigation to preset destination points, automatic pointing and control of cameras and sensors, and optical or SLR sighting of fixed points loaded into the ANS before takeoff. SR-71 "Blackbird". Hinckley, UK: AeroFax-Midland Publishing, 2002.
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